@article{oai:oist.repo.nii.ac.jp:00000220,
 author = {Gavelis, Gregory S. and Wakeman, Kevin C. and Tillmann, Urban and Ripken, Christina and Mitarai, Satoshi and Herranz, Maria and Özbek, Suat and Holstein, Thomas and Keeling, Patrick J. and Leander, Brian S.},
 issue = {3},
 journal = {Science Advances},
 month = {Mar},
 note = {We examine the origin of harpoon-like secretory organelles (nematocysts) in dinoflagellate protists. These ballistic organelles have been hypothesized to be homologous to similarly complex structures in animals (cnidarians); but we show, using structural, functional, and phylogenomic data, that nematocysts evolved independently in both lineages. We also recorded the first high-resolution videos of nematocyst discharge in dinoflagellates. Unexpectedly, our data suggest that different types of dinoflagellate nematocysts use two fundamentally different types of ballistic mechanisms: one type relies on a single pressurized capsule for propulsion, whereas the other type launches 11 to 15 projectiles from an arrangement similar to a Gatling gun. Despite their radical structural differences, these nematocysts share a single origin within dinoflagellates and both potentially use a contraction-based mechanism to generate ballistic force. The diversity of traits in dinoflagellate nematocysts demonstrates a stepwise route by which simple secretory structures diversified to yield elaborate subcellular weaponry.},
 title = {Microbial arms race: Ballistic “nematocysts” in dinoflagellates represent a new extreme in organelle complexity},
 volume = {3},
 year = {2017}
}