@article{oai:oist.repo.nii.ac.jp:00000981,
 author = {Gavelis, Gregory S. and Herranz, Maria and Wakeman, Kevin C. and Ripken, Christina and Mitarai, Satoshi and Gile, Gillian H. and Keeling, Patrick J. and Leander, Brian S.},
 issue = {1},
 journal = {Scientific Reports},
 month = {Jan},
 note = {Dinoflagellates are some of the most common eukaryotic cells in the ocean, but have very unusual nuclei. Many exhibit a form of closed mitosis (dinomitosis) wherein the nuclear envelope (NE) invaginates to form one or more trans-nuclear tunnels. Rather than contact spindles directly, the chromatids then bind to membrane-based kinetochores on the NE. To better understand these unique mitotic features, we reconstructed the nuclear architecture of Polykrikos kofoidii in 3D using focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) in conjunction with high-pressure freezing, freeze-substitution, TEM, and confocal microscopy. We found that P. kofoidii possessed six nuclear tunnels, which were continuous with a reticulating network of membranes that has thus far gone unnoticed. These membranous extensions interconnect the six tunnels while ramifying throughout the nucleus to form a "nuclear net." To our knowledge, the nuclear net is the most elaborate endomembrane structure described within a nucleus. Our findings demonstrate the utility of tomographic approaches for detecting 3D membrane networks and show that nuclear complexity has been underestimated in Polykrikos kofoidii and, potentially, in other dinoflagellates.},
 title = {Dinoflagellate nucleus contains an extensive endomembrane network, the nuclear net},
 volume = {9},
 year = {2019}
}